40 percent. new jobs in the UK market from 2010 onwards was created as a result of self-employment. This higher rate among the countries of the European Union. According to the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR), is both a reason for optimism and a source of concern for the shape of the labor market.
According to Eurostat data, relied on by the IPPR think tank in its report on the scale of self-employment in Europe, the EU average share of self-employed persons in the labor market is 13.5 percent. The highest rate is in Greece, where the self-employed is over 30 percent. working. Before the series also Italy come from almost 22 percent. involving self-employed.The peloton of over ten countries with the participation of such employees led by Poland – 17.7 percent. the self-employed. At the end of the list is Norway with the participation of barely 6.6 percent. Less than 10 per cent. the share of self-employed persons have also Est onia, Luxembourg, Denmark, Sweden and Germany.
In the UK, the figure is just over 14 per cent., And thus only slightly above the EU average. However, researchers wonders growth rate in this group of employees. Since 2010, they account for as much as 40 percent. all the people who have taken the job. Such an index can not boast of no other country on the continent.
The data show that the onset of increase in the share of self-employed in the labor market falls for 2007, which is the beginning of the economic crisis. In addition to the UK are only the Netherlands and Spain can boast of a significant increase in the share of self-employed in the labor market. The deterioration of the economic situation is an obvious reason for this state of affairs – job cuts, these people often tended to look for another career and start their own business. People already operating as self-employed later and later decide to also retire.
The IPPR report also analyzes the age structure and professional self-employed, their education, type of activity and remuneration.
The larger differences between countries can not be seen in the case of the age distribution of the self-employed. Such differences are visible in the case of their education. For example, in Germany, nearly half of the self-employed have higher education. Similarly, in Belgium and in France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom share is about 40 percent. At the other extreme, there is Poland, where just over 20 percent. the self-employed have higher education.
Interestingly presented a breakdown of these people into professional groups. In countries such as Germany and the Netherlands clearly shows the advantage of professions that require high qualifications (in Germany they constitute more than 60 percent. Self-employed). In the United Kingdom, France and Sweden, they account for about half of the sector, while in Poland, less than 30 percent. In our country stands for a group of occupations that require intermediate skills (about 55 per cent. Of all self-employed), although it should be noted that most of them are here occupations related to agriculture, forestry and fisheries, which were included into this group (about 40 per cent. of all the self-employed in our country). Another example of such a significant dependence on a single occupational group is Spain, where also about 40 percent. self-employed in trade.
The primary risks associated with an increase in the scale of self-employment in the UK report concludes falling wages in this sector. In 2005, the average self-employed earn about one-fifth less than the average full-time worker. At this time, earns almost half. An even greater decline in this regard was recorded in France, where wages fell from a level comparable with employees on contracts of employment to a level of more than one-third lower. For comparison, in Poland and Germany, the difference is changed in favor of the self-employed – in our country, with less than 40 percent. the average salary for the contract of employment 10 years ago to about 50 percent. out.
This makes the growing number of self-employed looking for additional sources of revenue in the form of a second job (about 6 per cent., Compared to 3 per cent. In 2007).
It is about reducing the living standards of the people running their own business most afraid of the report and calls for prudent conduct policy towards this group of employees. Of course, at the same time point out that this group is very heterogeneous and includes both small businesses who employ their own staff as well as representatives of various types of professions and finally low-skilled workers entering the labor market.
The IPPR says, however, that self-employment plays a very large role in the European economies during the recovery from the crisis. In many cases it is because it gives you a chance to return to the labor market for people who dropped out of him in times of crisis or for other reasons would have trouble finding employment contract.
This applies to, among others, immigrants, which also mentions the report. According to the authors, self-employment is often the only chance for them to bypass the barriers that restrict access to traditional employment and gain professional experience working in a new market. For example, in the UK the share of self-employment among immigrants is about three percent higher than that of native Britons. In Germany, this difference is even greater and is 5 percent. (PAP)
London Marcin Szczepanski
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