Polish dramatically depopulated. With your research it shows that young people in a hurry to leave the Opole region. Are old men. A mainly young people with dual nationality. Is this region at some point of connection requests to Germany?
If you ask me even a little seriously, I do not really know who would be interested. Because the German state after a costly experiences with the GDR certainly not. The authorities of Opole, where anti-German phobias not quite died, or not. German minority itself also probably not, because it is important for Heimat, just a small country, and loyalty to the state are part of the culture of civilization. On the other hand, terms such as Volk (nation) and Vaterland (country of origin) have been desecrated in the 30s of the last century and Germany, not only from Opolszczyzny indeed, react to not allergic. PRL whether the Republic them with anything but not cured.
Is the situation in the Opole region is special?
Yes, because the process of depopulation began much earlier here than elsewhere. Already in the 80s, when the German people were leaving “the origin”, the rest of the Poles did not have a chance to go beyond the boundaries of demoludów. In connection with that scale migration of depopulation of the Opole region already in the 80s it was huge, and today deepens. And for those migrating Opole region is different from the rest of the country, because there is no indication that the scale of departures of young people in the last decade was greater than in other small Polish regions. This region is simply weaker by the 90-100 thousand. people who left earlier. Besides, the process of depopulation in remote rural areas, small towns, even cities in the county or powojewódzkich takes place across the country. Except maybe 8-10 regional centers, which at this benefit. How Warsaw, Wroclaw, Poznan and Krakow.
you examined the Opole region, now you are examining attitudes of high school graduates in south-western Poland. Most declares trip to study in a large village.
The worst thing is that going to college is no longer going to college, but emigration has become definitive, whose studios are barely beginning . In general, young people remain in selected centers of study, though sometimes they are only a stop on the road – also abroad. But even if you decide not to leave the country, it’s no longer return to their villages and, often, in the region. For this reason, such a trip – to study – it is in fact a definite emigration.
Where most popular ride after learning?
For any of the large cities and prestigious academic centers: Wroclaw, Krakow, Gdansk, Warsaw or Poznan. With smaller centers, such as Lublin, Olsztyn, Bialystok, Zielona Gora whether Opole, high school graduates en masse leave too, although they are somewhat replaced by undertaking an studying there young people from villages and small towns. The most characteristic is that the place of study and definite intention to leave the place of residence are much stronger than the kind of study.
Besides, more than half of those wishing to take up studies do not provide work consistent with qualifications, assuming that it will do something else, you learn from your employer. This huge macroeconomic waste – if these adults are educated few years at the expense of the state, in addition, do not pay taxes and insurance, it makes sense only if these studies will help to find them a job, which later will compensate for social expenditures of the state and parents. And there is no indication that was the case. Especially from the point of view of peripheral areas, which do not come back.
The fact that young people seek a better life outside, as you called, peripheral towns, this is normal. The problem is that emigrate and larger centers, leaving a demographic and intellectual desert.
This city, like Walbrzych, Jelenia Gora, Czestochowa and Kalisz, which used to be capitals of provinces, lost their rank. And today there is nothing substantial in them, which would be able to stay young. Neither the university at a high level, or work. It is impossible indeed to peripherals and small centers were able to have such a job offer to stop en masse studying youth.
allowed in Poland to study almost all, in addition to the expense of the state, and rozbudzono career aspirations and life, which in most parts of the country can not be met. For years, the number of college graduates each year is similar to the number of births. So in other words, the majority of Poles graduate, but mostly treats them as just another high school diploma, which, while not useful in life, do not teach the profession, but falls have it. The economy can not keep up with the creation of jobs for people after graduation, who in addition often prefer directions Mountaineering, instead of those that would give them a job.
You’re talking about the perception of some universities as better. Until now, I was convinced that, for example. The boat is an important and respected place on the map university. Is there any other factor, apart from good PR, which determines the attractiveness of one kind or another place as a stop “to study”?
This is what threw me in the eye – although this will not directly answer the question – is that communities that in the past were resettled, for example. Recovered Territories residents are more mobile, less attached to their homelands than the rest. More likely to migrate. In general, young people from villages and small towns often are transferred to medium-sized cities, and youth from medium to large. Of the 8-10 biggest rarest goes up, and if it is, generally abroad. All this, however, causes a uniform trend demographic collapse . On most studied areas in the town where you live is going to remain the most every third or even every fifth person, but sometimes only every tenth. If you take into account that the current vintages teens are twice less populous than their parents, and three times less numerous than the year-grandparents, it is in most areas will remain one grandson in five out of ten parents and grandparents.
Transfer from small to larger centers is a natural thing, just as emigration from poorer countries to richer. In any case, as we explained it: it is a normal thing, little of this – a chance for survival, enrichment, development of whole regions that without this migration would have fallen.
Yes it may look today, but please believe that the problem is extremely serious. Unfortunately, not quite urgent, because he hit us with full force only after 20, maybe 30 years, which allows it to politicians to put aside the holy ever. Because they do not take into account the issues that will be going on already for their term of office. Nevertheless, let’s try to imagine what will happen when the parents of today’s twentysomethings get old and will be in his seventies. It turns out then that these people, orphaned by his children, alone, with low pensions will not be able to support themselves. Not only that – they will not be able to heat houses, which recently built. Pay bills, buy food, medicines. Especially if the household is only one person, that is – statistically speaking – a woman. That’s not all. Now imagine that local governments, which have their own tasks care of the weakest residents of their county or municipality will not be able to support them. Because how? Of which? If young people are leaving, reduce tax revenues to the budgets of municipalities, so in government vaults will be void.
I can see it through the eyes of imagination: old people in cold homes. In addition, areas stripped of the most formidable and creative young people who could create new jobs. Anyway does not matter to whom, because he would not have in these companies who work.
Because you are primarily defensive or not having ambitions, and those who can count on the good work thanks to parents and koneksjom. This is especially true in the stricken nepotism and locally most attractive areas as: offices, schools, hospitals, state-owned companies. Which means that in the villages stricken emigration to the foundations are not the most energetic person and giving impetus to local community development. There will be people too clumsy and convenient to come out and try living on their own.
It would be like living in such places?
The worst thing is that we have no systemic solutions – what to do with this embarrassment. I can imagine an extreme situation that some old people are confused will look for their children somewhere in the world, asking them for support, you will even be directed to the courts requests for alimony. But their children in big cities will not necessarily be better and not necessarily be the same will be on children. Because in our country to someone who is not family background still difficult to have children. If someone migrates, say from Lublin to Warsaw, it breaks the family and social ties. To “set”, he starts working, getting married, loan for an apartment. He must pay it back, which often reduces the disposable income halved if the couple of people wanted to have a baby, it does not help in the form of a grandfather or grandmother, who would have taken care of their grandchildren. So the decision is delayed any child or dispensed with it altogether.
Our system does not favor, especially fiscally, young families, we’re in this regard strongly civilization lagging behind compared to other Western European countries. Remember that the simple replacement of generations requires that women birth at least two children. And that’s assuming that these children have gone. In practice, most of the surveyed areas, while adjusting to the exodus of them, the other for the women would give birth after 15-20 children to keep the population there.
Unless you quit abroad, where having children is rewarded. I generally have the impression that the emigration of young people abroad is better than those of their trips to the Polish urban centers. Because as escape eg. To Ireland, it will first send money to Polish, then they bring parents – because it will give them back and they will become. Or, as I earn, it will come back. In the case of the Green Mountains travel to Warsaw, you can not count on any of these options. Young people will not be strewed money, because they can not afford. And do not come back, because I do not have nothing.
They finished studying, I do not have 15 years, but 25-30. They took some work, acquired friends, somehow umościli. Return to place of birth is very unlikely. Because what? In the countryside, in small and medium-sized cities jobs are few and mostly take-connected them to their colleagues. Large centers of big industry, business and developed services offer a much better chance, because in them – at least for lower-level positions – connections do not apply. Even safer place to live appear to countries where it rewards family, gives tax credits, child allowances. After those leaving – whether it’s to big cities or abroad – are parents. With these problems begin after 15-20 years, when they begin to grow old, they pass on low pension, niedomagają. And the children already ventured roots away from them and they have children at an age when visiting my grandparents in the countryside does not appear as the best way of spending time. And you often only need them. Not so long ago, in late February, during fieldwork one of the older ladies to help me in the research has taken me in the kitchen, because as she said “peace already has cleaned up at Easter, because the kids come.”
Sad.
But not just for the usual, human sorrow comes. But the economic gulf between the biggest economic centers and the rest of the country. Which will deepen. Let’s try to imagine how you will live in villages, if this rate, which now will wane people. Local governments can not afford to maintain the infrastructure to even shovel snow road, so an ambulance could not make it. There will be no money for street lighting, maintenance of communication, there will be money for schools, kindergartens, heating and renovating public buildings. For all that, what makes the place is friendly to life. And this feedback, and not only due to migration, but the reason for its further intensification.
And everybody clap their feet, because the village moves to the city. The natural process, jars turn into lemmings, everyone is fit. We have no industry, so someone has to work in a call center and serve coffee.
I repeat: benefits from this, several large centers, the rest of the country loses. Most importantly, we lack a strategy of defense against the phenomenon of depopulation in large swathes of the country. We still live visions of development, while it should reflect on the visions shrinking or in other words – do not develop, but the folding of certain areas and resorts. We are indeed against problems that are not new in the world, an example may be areas of eastern Germany, which after the merger of West Germany and East Germany touched a similar problem. You have to minimize losses and adapt to the process of depopulation of entire villages. How to disable the use of part of the city, where neighborhood residents move, which empties. Often more profitable to demolish twenty houses, and in their place to drop grass and plant trees, than to keep slums. Also we are waiting: When local government will not stand for it to serve deserted neighborhoods, when run out of money for repairs, street lighting and snow removal, you will need to make decisions. By the way, if not for money from the EU, the infrastructure in small towns look much worse. Although this is often misguided in relation to needs.
What other municipality was built aqua parks, even more has sports halls, of which today there is nobody to use and you need to subsidize them.
A lot of it is ill-conceived investments, the importance of which is determined sum absurdly money spent and not a long-term usability. In many places instead of sports halls were built more serene autumn centers, in which the younger elderly cared for the elderly – with little support ubożejących local governments. However, lack of knowledge about the depth and complexity of the problem and the inevitability of certain processes. The problem is that the depopulation seems too long-term process to deal with it in several years of electoral cycles. From election to election it is impossible to solve, especially since there are plenty of things much less important, but whose solution gives tangible short-term results. From the perspective of well-off people and living in metropolitan areas may be of little interest that we have huge swathes of the country that have nothing to do with our ideas about how it should look like a country that is a member of the EU. Some time ago I read an ad in the local press that someone wants to sell the farm with ponds. I went there, the place away about three kilometers from the borders of the district town. It did not lead to any road, only less overgrown space between the fields. The notice gave the woman, you do not have forties, who tried to control the kilkuhektarowym the farm and at the same time took care of much older and disabled father and aunt in a similar state. This woman had so much innate intelligence and acumen that in other circumstances, in the absence of obligations certainly have ended successfully studio or even made a career in any academic center. But it so happened that she had to take care of loved ones and lacking in strength. Stuck. I remember those agricultural machinery, which stood at the site where a spoiled …
How coped this woman?
Somehow. She seemed very serene person. The worst thing she said was winter, although the asphalt road, which przejeżdżało car with bread, it was “only” 600 m. How not buried in snow, it can be assumed boots and go out and wait. After the other products we had to choose now to the city. And she no longer was making, because she wanted to sell the patrimony and to move from two elderly where it is easier. Also he wanted to leave, but it was too late. It was a place forgotten by God, though – it must be stressed – was in the region, which in terms of social infrastructure is at the forefront of the country. It is possible that if nothing is done, it will be much more such places. Especially in less developed regions.
Do you have any idea what to do about it?
We must equip local governments the means and the tools to solve these problems. And it is not just clerical newspeak, but specific ideas. Municipalities characterized by a negative migration balance should be in some form of support. Because they – the parents and local governments – “produced” these people with the hope that they will be, they will work, leave them taxes. Meanwhile, someone else got ready, educated at someone else’s expense of people and workers. This should be taken into account in regional policy.
Somehow I can not imagine harmonious cooperation of local governments with new janosikowym that you propose.
This is not Jánošíkove, because it provided for subsidizing the poorer municipalities through more prosperous, just, by virtue of the cash balance. My point is that those local governments that have invested in their children’s education, are not left with his hand in the potty when all those young people will leave as a result of short-sighted policy of the state, which gave the studio and aroused aspirations, but it was impossible job. The key is to stop peripheral areas young women who frequently flee from there, because they mostly suffer the consequences of lack of work and lack of infrastructure. If there are no creches and kindergartens, it is the absence of jobs, deciding to stay and any reproduction, committing professional suicide. Giving birth to two or three children, a woman like that in the absence of kindergarten excluded from the career for at least ten years, which often means forever. So rather leave and either children born abroad, where he will be provided with social services, or in any large city in the country, where if you find a good job, you might be able to afford it. As far I have time … I think we can not afford such extravagance. ©?
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